Asia Air Pollution and Deforestation Essay Example

Asia: Air Pollution and Deforestation Paper Along with these problems of deforestation comes a serious problem of Air pollution. Because of the rapid economic growth and the demand for more arbitration in Central Asia, it is causing a huge environmental problem in the continent. According to Michael Richardson (1997), No other area has as many heavily polluted cities. The World Health Organization found that Of the 15 cities with the worst air pollution, 13 were in Asia. Widespread coal burning in China and India is a major source of sulfur and nitrogen contamination. The Asia-Pacific region consists of a socially and economically heterogeneous group of five sub- regions. The region hosts 66 per cent of the Earths population and accounts or 28 per cent of world economic activity. It accounts for 26 per cent of global commercial energy consumption and depends significantly on non- commercial energy sources (World Bank 1997). Economic growth and rising energy consumption are causing increasing air pollution, particularly in many urban areas of the region. According to the World Health Organization, 12 of the 15 cities with the highest levels of particulate matter and 6 of the 15 with the highest levels of sulfur dioxide are in Asia. In many countries in the region, the ambient concentration levels of suspended particulate matter and lupus dioxide exceed WHO standards, and premature mortality and respiratory disease caused by poor air quality have been documented in 1 6 large metropolitan centers in the region. Exposure to harmful airborne particles is high or very high in some countries such as China and Mongolia. We will write a custom essay sample on Asia: Air Pollution and Deforestation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Asia: Air Pollution and Deforestation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Asia: Air Pollution and Deforestation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Air quality is improving in South Korea and some parts of the region but is still significantly below the WHO standard. Among different environmental pollution problems, air pollution is reported to cause the greatest damage to health and loss of welfare from environmental causes in Asian countries (Hughes 1997). The air pollution problem is expected to become worse over the coming years if no action is undertaken to improve the situation. It is estimated that the region emitted approximately 38 million tons of sulfur dioxide in 1990. China, India, South Korea, Japan and Thailand accounted for over 91 per cent of the regions sulfur dioxide emission, with coal use being the dominant cause of the regions total sulfur dioxide emission. Among the economic sectors, industry contributed the largest share to the total emission, followed by the power (Sheerest 1996). It is projected that the total lupus dioxide emission in the region will reach 1 10 million tons by 2020 (Downing 1997). Across a large part of Asia, the problem of acid deposition is becoming increasingly evident. Rainfall in some countries, including China, Japan and Thailand, has been measured to be ten times more acidic than unpolluted rain (Downing 1997). Large sections of southern and eastern China, northern and eastern India, the Korean peninsula, and northern and central Thailand are projected to receive high levels of acid deposition by the year 2020 (Downing 1997). It is estimated that emission levels of sulfur oxide and nitrogen oxides in 2030 in the business-as-usual case Will be about three times 1 990 emission levels. Air pollution problems similar to those experienced in Japan in the 1 adds have emerged in many developing Asian countries; atmospheric concentrations in some industrialized areas have already exceeded the critical level experienced in Japan in the sass when serious health damage was observed. Part of what can be done by each person is to be more environmentally sound. Singapore, Hong Kong China, Tokyo, Koala Lumps and Bangkok are now developing light rail and mass arrant systems to reduce the pressure on the roads and provide an opportunity to reappraise city-wide transportation plans (KNEECAP, 2000). Many Asian countries are making progress in reducing vehicle emissions as a major source of urban air pollutants by phasing out leaded petrol, introducing stricter emissions standards and requiring new cars to be fitted with catalytic converters. The role of traditional, non-motorized transport can play a major role in moving towards a more sustainable transportation system. However, developing country governments are being encouraged and assisted in pursuing transport policies based on increased car pungency. The response to increasing rates of car ownership and traffic congestion has been expensive road building schemes, which have further encouraged motor vehicle use and dependency causing adverse environmental and health impacts. All of these things would be easily solved by the consciousness and awareness of the population living in this area. How do we solve the issue with Deforestation? Unfortunately, deforestation and air pollution go hand in hand. Without the trees, there isnt enough oxygen being produced to help break down the air pollution. So this leads into a very confusing question of the 20th century. Why are these trees being torn down? The World Wide Forest Report found that when the Roman Empire was in control of Europe 90% of the continent was forested (Downing 1997). There is no one easy answer as there are many causes at the root of deforestation. One is overpopulation in cities and developing countries. Population is continually growing in the third world. Some had land until increases in population forced them off it and they became landless peasants that are forced to look for land in the untouched forests. This movement to the forests is in some ways a result of government pressures. In place of implementing programs to help the poor these governments concentrate on the cheapest, easiest, way to keep poverty out of sight and give the poor no other choice but to force other species out and themselves in. According to Norman Myers, bad land tenure, a shortage of modern agricultural tools, and government neglect of subsistence farmers have put an influx of human interference in the forests. The poor are pushed in further and further and destroy more every time they must move on. What the poor do in the forests is the most devastating. In attempts to settle farmland, the poor become shifted cultivators and resort to using slash and burn methods of tree removal. Slashing and burning involves what its name implies, trees are cut down and the remains are burned. The ash is used as a fertilizer and the land is then used for farming or cattle grazing, however, the soil that is cleared in slash and burn is left infertile, the nutrients in the soil are quickly absorbed by surrounding organisms. The farmers must move on sometimes to other areas and repeat this process and worthy land and trees become scarce. For farmers in places like Brazil, slash and burn methods are the only way to effectively clear land of parasites and unwanted organisms; chemical means contaminate water and soil and farmers continue to turn to slashing and burning. So what can we do to help prevent deforestation and help air pollution? We can Start with recycling. By reusing anything that is made Of trees (for example paper, bags, and furniture) it leads to the less destroying of trees and allows the products of trees to be used more wisely. By recycling, this will help lessen the production in wood factories that cut down trees to make all of these products. By changing your basic needs as a person, you ooh can help prevent misuse and overuse. As time has come, we have come to rely on paper for everything we do. But by recycling paper, reusing it, and not wasting it, we can help lessen the dependency on our forests. Most importantly, when we remove trees, we need to replant them. Reforestation is just as important as recycling our paper products. This process provides a good balance for the ecosystem however it does not happen enough. Some options to reduce emissions of air pollutants include utilizing clean technologies, fuel switching, increasing energy efficiency, and promoting non- motorized and public transport. Motorcycles, cars, trucks and buses have become a serious cause of lung disease and breathing disorders in Asian cities. With growing economic prosperity in the region, the number of motor vehicles has risen dramatically during the past two decades, and is expected to double by the year 2030. In many Asian cities, including Bangkok, almost half of registered vehicles are two-stroke motorcycles, which are some of the dirtiest engines on the road. It is not unusual to see Bangkok residents on the street covering their noses and mouths with surgical masks to protect themselves from the hazardous fumes. While many Asian nations have begun to address this problem, clean air programs are behind those in the United States, Western Europe and Japan. Some solutions to help ease the air pollution could be reaching out and asking other nations what they would suggest for a cleaner experience. One obvious solution is working on environmentally friendly vehicles and emissions inspections and cleaner burning fuels. The problems that Asia has are not unfamiliar from the rest of the world. We are all facing deforestation and air pollution problems as we continue to further populate this planet and abuse what we have. In every country, there are government programs in place to help lessen the abuse but I dont think that we follow them close enough. The biggest problem that we have implementing these plans that we have come up with globally as a planet are that some people just dont care. There are a lot of people in this world that dont do the little things that it takes to help prolong the life of our world. Little things like car pooling can help reduce air pollution. Or as afore mentioned, things like recycling paper use and reusing land instead of just slash and burn methods can help reduce our deforestation problems. By using the lumber that is being torn down for farm lands can help reduce the use of trees from other areas.

Catherine of Aragon - the Kings Great Matter

Catherine of Aragon - the Kings Great Matter Continued from: Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII The End of a Marriage With England allied against Catherines nephew, the Emperor Charles V, and with Henry VIII desperate for a legitimate male heir, the marriage of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII, once a supportive and, it seemed, loving relationship, unraveled. Henry had begun his flirtation with Anne Boleyn sometime in 1526 or 1527. Annes sister, Mary Boleyn, had been Henrys mistress, and Anne had been a lady-in-waiting to Henrys sister, Mary, when she was Queen of France, and later a lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon herself. Anne resisted Henrys pursuit, refusing to become his mistress. Henry, after all, wanted a legitimate male heir. Always Invalid? By 1527, Henry was citing Biblical verses Leviticus 18:1-9 and Leviticus 20:21, interpreting these to mean that his marriage to his brothers widow explained his lack of a male heir by Catherine. That was the year, 1527, when Charles Vs army sacked Rome and took Pope Clement VII prisoner. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as king of Spain, was the nephew of Catherine of Aragon his mother was Catherines sister, Joanna (known as Juana the Mad). Henry VIII saw this as an opportunity to go to the bishops who could use the Popes incapacity to themselves rule that Henrys marriage to Catherine had not been valid. In May of 1527, with the Pope still a prisoner of the Emperor, Cardinal Wolsey held a trial to examine whether the marriage was valid. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused to support Henrys position. In June of 1527, Henry asked Catherine for a formal separation, offering her an opportunity to retire to a nunnary. Catherine did not accept Henrys suggestion that she retire quietly so that he could remarry, on the grounds that she remained the true queen. Catherine asked her nephew Charles V to intervene and to try to influence the pope to refuse any request of Henrys to annul the marriage. Appeals to the Pope Henry sent an appeal with his secretary to Pope Clement VII in 1528, asking for his marriage to Catherine to be annulled. (This is often referred to as a divorce, but technically, Henry was asking for an annulment, a finding that his first marriage had not been a true marriage.) The request was amended quickly to also ask that the Pope permit Henry to marry within the first degree of affinity though not a brothers widow, and permit Henry to marry someone previously contracted to marry if the marriage was never consummated. These circumstances fit the situation with Anne Boleyn completely. He had previously had a relationship with Annes sister, Mary. Henry continued to muster scholarly and expert opinions to refine and extend his arguments. Catherines argument against Henrys was simple: she simply affirmed that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated, which would make the whole argument about consanguinity moot. Campeggis Trial The Pope was no longer a prisoner of the Emperor, Catherines nephew, in 1529, but he was still largely under the control of Charles. He sent his legate, Campeggi, to England to try to find some alternate solution. Campeggi convened a court in May of 1529 to hear the case. Both Catherine and Henry appeared and spoke. That Catherine knelt before Henry and appealed to him is likely an accurate depiction of that event. But after that, Catherine stopped cooperating with Henrys legal actions. She left the court hearings and refused to return another day when ordered to do so. Campeggis court adjourned without a verdict. It did not reconvene. Catherine had continued to live at court, though Henry was often with Anne Boleyn. She even continued to make Henrys shirts, which enraged Anne Boleyn. Henry and Catherine fought publicly. The End of Wolsey Henry VIII had trusted his chancellor, Cardinal Wolsey, to handle what was called the Kings Great Matter. When Wolseys work did not result in the action Henry expected, Henry dismissed Cardinal Wolsey from his position as chancellor. Henry replaced him with a lawyer, Thomas More, rather than a clergyman. Wolsey, charged with treason, died the next year before he could be tried. Henry continued to marshal arguments for his divorce. In 1530, an treatise by a scholarly priest, Thomas Cranmer, that defended Henrys annulment, came to Henrys attention. Cranmer advised that Henry rely on the opinions of scholars in European universities rather than on the Pope. Henry increasingly relied on Cranmers counsel. The Pope, instead of responding positively to Henrys plea for a divorce, issued an order forbidding Henry from marrying until Rome came to a final decision on the divorce. The Pope also ordered secular and religious authorities in England to stay out of the matter. So, in 1531, Henry held a clerical court that declared Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This effectively overrode the Popes authority to make decisions, not only about the marriage itself, but about those in the English church who cooperated with Henrys pursuit of the divorce. Catherine Sent Away On July 11, 1531, Henry sent Catherine to live in relative isolation in Ludlow, and she was cut off from all contact with their daughter, Mary. She never saw Henry or Mary in person again. In 1532, Henry obtained the support of Francis I, the French king, for his actions, and secretly married Anne Boleyn. Whether she became pregnant before or after that ceremony is not certain, but she was definitely pregnant before the second wedding ceremony on January 25, 1533. Catherines household was moved several times to different locations on Henrys orders, and such close friends as her long-time companion (from before Catherines marriage to Henry) Maria de Salinas were forbidden contact with Mary. Another Trial A new Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, then convened a clerical court in May of 1533, and found Henrys marriage to Catherine null. Catherine refused to appear at the hearing. Catherines title of Dowager Princess of Wales was restored as Arthurs widow but she refused to accept that title. Henry reduced her household further, and she was moved again. On May 28, 1533, he declared Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn to be valid. Anne Boleyn was crowned as Queen on June 1, 1533, and on September 7, gave birth to a daughter they named Elizabeth, after both her grandmothers. Catherines Supporters Catherine had much support, including Henrys sister, Mary, married to Henrys friend Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk. She was also more popular with the general public than was Anne, seen as a usurper and interloper. Women seemed especially likely to support Catherine. The visionary Elizabeth Barton, called the nun of Kent, was charged with treason for her outspoken opposition. Sir Thomas Elyot remained an advocate, but managed to avoid Henrys wrath. And she still had the support of her nephew, with his influence over the Pope. Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession When the Pope finally pronounced Henry and Catherines marriage valid, on March 23, 1534, it was too late to influence any of Henrys actions. Also that month, Parliament passed an Act of Succession (legally described as being 1533, since the calendar year then changed at the end of March). Catherine was sent in May to Kimbolten Castle, with a much-reduced household. Even the Spanish ambassador was not permitted access to speak with her. In November, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, recognizing the ruler of England as the supreme head of the Church of England. Parliament also passed an Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession, requiring of all English subjects an oath to support the Act of Succession. Catherine refused to swear any such oath, which would acknowledge Henrys position as head of the church, her own daughter as illegitimate and Annes children as Henrys heirs. More and Fisher Thomas More, also unwilling to take an oath to support the Act of Succession, and having opposed Henrys marriage to Anne, was charged with treason, imprisoned, and executed. Bishop Fisher, an early and consistent opponent of the divorce and supporter of Catherines marriage, was also imprisoned for refusing to recognize Henry as head of the church. While in prison, the new Pope, Paul III, made Fisher a cardinal, and Henry hurried Fishers trial for treason. More and Fisher were both beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1886 and canonized in 1935. Catherines Last Years In 1534 and 1535, when Catherine heard that her daughter Mary was ill, each time she asked to be able to see her and nurse her, but Henry refused to allow that. Catherine did get word out to her supporters to urge the Pope to excommunicate Henry. When, in December 1535, Catherines friend Maria de Salinas heard that Catherine was ill, she asked permission to see Catherine. Refused, she forced herself into Catherines presence anyway. Chapuys, the Spanish ambassador, was also allowed to see her. He left on January 4. On the night of January 6, Catherine dictated letters to be sent to Mary and to Henry, and she died on January 7, in the arms of her friend Maria. Henry and Anne were said to celebrate upon hearing of Catherines death. After Catherines Death When Catherines body was examined after her death, a black growth was found on her heart. The physician of the time pronounced the cause poisoning which her supporters seized on as more reason to oppose Anne Boleyn. But most modern experts looking at the record would suggest that a more likely cause was cancer. Catherine was buried as the Dowager Princess of Wales at Peterborough Abbey on January 29, 1536. Emblems used were of Wales and Spain, not of England. Centuries later, Queen Mary, married to George V, had Catherines gravesite improved and marked with the title Katharine Queen of England. Only when Henry married his third wife, Jane Seymour, did Henry invalidate his second marriage to Anne Boleyn and reaffirm the validity of his marriage to Catherine, restoring their daughter Mary to the succession after any later male heirs he might have. Next: Catherine of Aragon Bibliography About Catherine of Aragon: Catherine of Aragon Facts | Early Life and First Marriage | Marriage to Henry VIII | The Kings Great Matter | Catherine of Aragon Books | Mary I | Anne Boleyn | Women in the Tudor Dynasty

Introduction to Discrete Event Dynamic Systems Research Paper

Introduction to Discrete Event Dynamic Systems - Research Paper Example It is evident that the deterministic expression in automata is just mere regular languages. From the article, there is the need to illustrate impacting on the feedback. These entail observability, stability, and invertibility. The inclusions are parameters used to define the characteristics of the language. This section addresses the determination of current states of the system. Particularly, there is an interest regarding the observable events in relation with the state of DEDS automaton. In reference with the definition of the term observability, there is the concentration of the intermittent observation of the model, among other inclusions. We will only concentrate with the events under P U ∑ and not the events in ∑ ∠© á ¿â€º. In the observation process, it is difficult to understand or identify when these occur. However, it is crucial to identify where to resolve the intervals of events to bring out a basis for identification the bounders. There is also development of state ambiguity where ∑ is not equal to á ¿â€º. To illustrate this state of observability, we need to extend graphically draw the inclusions. Below is an illustration of the graph. We can depict that the output is stabilized if the observer’s state, denoted by E is the subset of E. This is a guarantee that the system is within E. The compensator should therefore ensure that there is correspondence between the observer and the subset E within the finite á ½ · in reference with the observable transitions. The formalization of output stability is as follows: This section expounds on inevitability. The problem concerning inevitability arises from the notion that DEDS is an observable system. This means that seeing these events does not really imply that the events will happen. This requires restructuring the whole sequence of the output. This is a section that needs emphasis to solve the inevitability of the problem. This will facilitate the calculation of the performance